What Can a Security Guard Legally Do in the UK? Rights, Limits, and Best Practices

What can a security guard legally do in the UK?

Security guards in the UK are authorised to carry out certain legal actions such as detaining individuals under a citizen’s arrest, protecting private property, and monitoring public areas using CCTV or body cameras. They are not police officers and do not possess arrest powers beyond what any private citizen has. Their actions must follow the law, particularly the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984, the Criminal Law Act 1967, and guidance set out by the Security Industry Authority. This article explains what private security professionals can and cannot legally do, what limits are in place, and how both businesses and the public can better understand these boundaries.

What does a security guard do?

Security officers work to prevent unlawful activity, maintain order, and protect property and people. Their tasks may include patrolling, access control, observing behaviour, handling incidents, and communicating with emergency services. They are commonly found in retail stores, office buildings, car parks, construction sites, and public events.

How licensing works through the Security Industry Authority

The Security Industry Authority is the official regulator for the UK private security sector. To work legally, all front line guards must hold a valid SIA licence. To qualify, applicants need to be at least eighteen years old, legally allowed to work in the UK, complete an approved training course, and pass a criminal background check.

You can learn more about licensing standards and renewals on the official SIA website.

What powers do security guards actually have?

Can a security guard detain you in the UK?

Yes, a licensed security guard can detain someone using a citizen’s arrest if they have reasonable grounds to believe that a person has committed a criminal offence. This is allowed under Section 24A of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984. The individual can be held until police officers arrive, but only for a reasonable amount of time.

Can a security guard use physical force?

Guards can use reasonable force under Section 3 of the Criminal Law Act 1967. This includes stopping a fight, preventing theft, or detaining a violent individual. The force must be proportionate to the threat faced. Unjustified or excessive force can result in criminal charges against the guard.

What are the limits on physical contact?

Physical contact must always be justifiable. For example, holding someone’s arm to guide them off the premises is acceptable if they are refusing to leave. However, tackling someone to the ground without cause or continuing to restrain a compliant person may be considered assault.

Can security guards search bags or property?

Security guards do not have the legal power to search anyone without consent. They can ask permission to search bags, and individuals have the right to refuse. In situations like entry to nightclubs or large events, entry conditions may include agreeing to a search. Refusing a search in that case could mean being denied entry.

If an item has been left unattended and may pose a threat, a guard is permitted to inspect it for safety reasons. Similarly, in a medical emergency, a guard may search belongings to find identification or medical information.

Are security guards allowed to use handcuffs?

Some security personnel carry handcuffs, but there is no legal requirement or specific licence endorsement for them. When used, it must be reasonable and necessary, and guards must have appropriate training to ensure safety and compliance with the law.

Do security guards record people using CCTV or body cameras?

Yes, many guards monitor CCTV systems or wear body-worn cameras. This must comply with the Data Protection Act 2018 and the UK General Data Protection Regulation. There should be clear signs informing the public that recording is taking place. Any data recorded must be securely stored and only accessed for valid reasons.

You can learn more about CCTV use and responsibilities from the Information Commissioner’s Office.

Can a security guard ask you to leave a property?

Security guards have the legal authority to ask someone to leave private property. If someone is refusing to leave when asked, they may be removed using reasonable and lawful force. This power is based on trespass law and property rights.

What is the difference between a door supervisor and a security guard?

Door supervisors are trained and licensed to work in licensed premises such as pubs, clubs, and bars where alcohol is served. Their training includes handling aggressive behaviour and conflict in environments where intoxication may be a factor. Security guards, on the other hand, are not permitted to work in such venues unless they hold a door supervisor licence.

For wider work opportunities, individuals often choose the door supervisor training, which covers both roles.

What are security guards not allowed to do?

Security guards cannot:

• Arrest individuals beyond a citizen’s arrest

• Use excessive or unjustified force

• Search people or property without permission

• Carry weapons such as batons or pepper spray

• Impose fines or penalties

• Detain individuals for long periods without informing the police

How does the UK compare with other countries?

In the United States, security guards often have broader powers, including in some cases the right to carry firearms. In many European countries, guard responsibilities are more aligned with UK regulations, with strict licensing and oversight. The UK places strong emphasis on proportionality, respect for human rights, and regulation through the SIA.

Best practices for professional guards

Good practice includes clear communication, staying calm during conflicts, and keeping accurate incident records. Guards should always display their SIA licence visibly, follow company procedures, and call the police when required. Ongoing training and awareness of legal updates help security professionals remain effective and lawful in their duties.

What should you do if a security guard acts unfairly?

If someone believes a guard has acted inappropriately, they can report the incident to the employer or the SIA. Complaints can lead to internal investigation and, if necessary, action by the SIA which could include suspension or licence revocation. Guards must be able to justify their actions through reports, CCTV footage, and witness statements

Know your rights when dealing with a guard

Members of the public have the right to:

• Refuse a search unless it is a condition of entry

• Ask to see the guard’s SIA licence

• Leave the premises if they are not under arrest

• Complain about misconduct

Understanding these rights helps ensure respectful and lawful interactions between guards and the public.

How do you become a licensed security guard in the UK?

To become a security guard, you need to:

• Be at least 18 years old

• Have the right to work in the UK

• Complete an SIA approved training course

• Pass a criminal background check

Some convictions may affect your chances, particularly those involving violence or dishonesty. However, minor or historic offences may not prevent you from getting a licence.